police

Table of Contents

Introduction
Police and society
- Policing small communities
- Policing large societies
- Police and the state
The history of policing in the West
- Ancient policing
- Collective responsibility in early Anglo-Saxon times
  - The stipendiary police
  - The decline of constabulary police
- The French police system
  - The French police under the monarchy
  - Postrevolutionary French police
- The development of professional policing in England
- Early police in the United States
- Detective policing in England and the United States
- English and American policing in the late 19th century
- The development of police in Australia
- The development of police in Canada
- Developments in policing since 1900: the United States example
  - Federal and state police
  - Early reform efforts
  - The professional crime-fighting model
  - The crisis of policing
  - Due process and individual rights
  - Community policing
  - Compstat
- Police and counterterrorism
National police organizations
- Centralized police organizations
- Decentralized police organizations
- Police organizations in Africa
International police organizations
Police work and law enforcement
- Routine police activities
- Police and courts
- Police and minorities
- Crowds and riots
  - Types of mass events
  - Methods of crowd policing
- High policing: the protection of national security
- Police work as an occupation
Police technology
- Mobility
- Communication
- Computerization
- Equipment and tactics
  - Personal equipment
  - Arrest-and-control technologies and techniques
    - Nonlethal tactics and instruments
    - Police dogs
  - Firearms and explosives
    - Handguns, shotguns, and rifles
    - Explosives
  - Surveillance systems
  - Lie detectors
- Criminal identification
  - Photography
  - Anthropometry
  - Fingerprinting
  - DNA fingerprinting
  - Biometrics
- Crime-scene investigation and forensic sciences
  - Evidence collection
  - Forensic analysis
    - Hairs and fibres
    - Toxicology
    - Serology
    - Examining documents
    - Firearms and tool marks
    - Organic and inorganic analysis
    - Supplemental forensic sciences
- Criminal profiling

References & Edit History Related Topics

Images & Videos

French National Police: arresting suspect

Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department: patrolling

Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department: police post

police brutality: demonstrator attacked by police dog

New York City Police Department: officers

For Students

police summary

police

law enforcement

Written by George L. Kelling, Thomas Whetstone•All

Fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Last Updated: Jan 9, 2025 • Article History

Key People:: Eric Adams; Robert Peel; Joseph Fouché, duc d’Otrante; LaFayette Curry Baker; Karl Schulmeister

Related Topics:: Interpol; military police; secret police; security guard; police brutality

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police, body of officers representing the civil authority of government. Police typically are responsible for maintaining public order and safety, enforcing the law, and preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal activities. These functions are known as policing. Police are often also entrusted with various licensing and regulatory activities. However, police scholars have criticized this popular understanding of the word police—that it refers to members of a public organization having the legal competence to maintain order and enforce the law—for two reasons. First, it defines police by their ends rather than by the specific means that they use to achieve their goals. ...(100 of 29314 words)

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