William Shakespeare

Table of Contents

Introduction & Top Questions
Shakespeare the man
- Life
  - Early life in Stratford
  - Career in the theatre
  - Private life
  - Sexuality
- Early posthumous documentation
  - The tributes of his colleagues
  - Anecdotes and documents
Shakespeare the poet and dramatist
- The intellectual background
- Poetic conventions and dramatic traditions
  - Changes in language
  - Shakespeare’s literary debts
- Theatrical conditions
- The dating of Shakespeare’s plays
- Publication
Shakespeare’s plays and poems
- The early plays
  - Titus Andronicus
  - The early romantic comedies
  - The early histories
- The poems
- Plays of the middle and late years
  - Romantic comedies
  - Completion of the histories
  - Romeo and Juliet
  - The “problem” plays
  - Julius Caesar
  - The tragedies
  - The romances
  - Collaborations and spurious attributions
Shakespeare’s sources
Understanding Shakespeare
- Questions of authorship
- Linguistic, historical, textual, and editorial problems
- Literary criticism
  - Seventeenth century
  - Eighteenth century
  - Romantic critics
  - Twentieth century and beyond
    - Increasing importance of scholarship
    - Historical criticism
    - New Criticism
    - New interpretive approaches
    - Feminist criticism and gender studies
    - Deconstruction
Chronology of Shakespeare’s plays

Quotes References & Edit History Quick Facts & Related Topics

Images, Videos & Interactives

William Shakespeare explained in five questions

Learn about William Shakespeare's early boyhood and path to London to become a playwright and actor

See an illustrated manuscript of 16th-century coats of arms, including commentary on whether Shakespeare is worthy of one

Interactive: A Tour of the Rebuilt Globe Theatre

Shakespeare's house in Stratford-upon-Avon

For Students

William Shakespeare summary

Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England: William Shakespeare's birthplace

William Shakespeare Timeline

William Shakespeare’s Important Works

William Shakespeare

Q: What was Shakespeare's family like?

Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway , eight years his senior, when he was 18. They had three children: Susanna and twins Judith and Hamnet. Hamnet died at the age of 11.

Q: How many plays did Shakespeare write?

There is some dispute about how many plays Shakespeare wrote. The general consensus is 37.

Q: How many sonnets did Shakespeare write?

Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets . The most famous include Sonnet 18, with opening lines “Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?”, and Sonnet 130, which begins “My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun.”

Q: How did Shakespeare die?

The cause of Shakespeare's death is unknown. However, the vicar of the local church wrote in his journal some fifty years later that “Shakespeare, Drayton , and Ben Jonson had a merry meeting, and it seems drank too hard; for Shakespeare died of a fever there contracted.” The account cannot be verified but has led some scholars to speculate that Shakespeare may have died of typhus.

Q: Why is Shakespeare still important today?

Shakespeare remains vital because his plays present people and situations that we recognize today. His characters have an emotional reality that transcends time, and his plays depict familiar experiences, ranging from family squabbles to falling in love to war. The fact that his plays are performed and adapted around the world underscores the universal appeal of his storytelling.

English author

Also known as: Bard of Avon, Swan of Avon, William Shakspere

Written by Terence John Bew Spencer, John Russell Brown•All

Fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Last Updated: Jan 7, 2025 • Article History

Quick Facts

Shakespeare also spelled:: Shakspere

Byname:: Bard of Avon or Swan of Avon

Baptized:: April 26, 1564, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England

Died:: April 23, 1616, Stratford-upon-Avon

Notable Works:: “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”; “All’s Well That Ends Well”; “Antony and Cleopatra”; “As You Like It”; “Coriolanus”; “Cymbeline”; First Folio; “Hamlet”; “Henry IV, Part 1”; “Henry IV, Part 2”; “Henry V”; “Henry VI, Part 1”; “Henry VI, Part 2”; “Henry VI, Part 3”; “Henry VIII”; “Julius Caesar”; “King John”; “King Lear”; “Love’s Labour’s Lost”; “Macbeth”; “Measure for Measure”; “Much Ado About Nothing”; “Othello”; “Pericles”; “Richard III”; “The Comedy of Errors”; “The Merchant of Venice”; “The Merry Wives of Windsor”; “The Taming of the Shrew”; “The Tempest”; “Timon of Athens”

What was Shakespeare's family like?

How many plays did Shakespeare write?

How many sonnets did Shakespeare write?

How did Shakespeare die?

Why is Shakespeare still important today?

News •

Shakespeare family homes to shut for conservation works • Jan. 4, 2025, 4:06 AM ET (BBC)

Could Monkeys Really Type All of Shakespeare? • Jan. 3, 2025, 4:53 AM ET (New York Times)

Indian gastropub near home of Shakespeare’s wife faces demolition • Dec. 31, 2024, 1:52 AM ET (The Guardian)

Shakespeare trust legal action over pub near Anne Hathaway cottage • Dec. 30, 2024, 3:48 AM ET (BBC)

Row over ‘gaudy’ Indian gastro pub built near home of Shakespeare’s wife • Dec. 28, 2024, 11:19 PM ET (The Telegraph)

William Shakespeare (baptized April 26, 1564, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England—died April 23, 1616, Stratford-upon-Avon) was a poet, dramatist, and actor often called the English national poet. He is considered by many to be the greatest dramatist of all time. Shakespeare occupies a position unique in world literature. Other poets, such as Homer and Dante, and novelists, such as Leo Tolstoy and Charles Dickens, have transcended national barriers, but no writer’s living reputation can compare to that of Shakespeare, whose plays, written in the late 16th and early 17th centuries for a small repertory theatre, are now performed and read more often ...(100 of 21986 words)

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